2. In some soils, particularly soils with a loamy texture, almost all water passes through a very small part of the soil sample (for instance, through macropores). Water flow in these macropores becomes turbulent if the pressure gradient becomes too large. In that case, the water flow is no longer proportional to the pressure gradient, and consequently the change of the hydraulic head with time is not exponential, invalidating Darcy’s law. KSAT is a precision measurement device which shows you this by a misfit of the exponential function: the fitted function will be less curved than the data. Also, you will notice in such a case that the calculated conductivity becomes larger as the size of the pressure head decreases. Under very small gradients, flow might still be laminar. To remedy this, repeat your measurement with a small gradient (for instance, an initial pressure head < 5 cm).
Solution: Under very small gradients, flow still might be laminar. So, repeat the measurement with a small gradient (i.e., an initial pressure head < 5 cm).